Příčina této události spočívá prý v různosti názorů o bolševických reformách. Il volo di Pjatakov: un libro alternativo alla storiografia liberale e trockijsta (Pascale) p. 6 But all those for whom the word 'Socialism' is not a hollow sound but the content of their moral life – forward! [116], Trotsky wanted the Communist Party to complete an orthodox proletarian revolution and have clear class independence from the KMT. Az utóbbi ugyanis jó ideig a szociáldemokrata eszmerendszer mentén politizált. Rivoluzione è distribuito con Licenza Creative Commons Attribuzione - Condividi allo stesso modo 4.0 Internazionale. [136], On 14 August 1936, the Soviet Press Agency TASS announced the discovery of a "Trotskyist–Zinovievist" plot and the imminent start of the Trial of the Sixteen accused. Questo passaggio, come molti altri presenti nella prima edizione delle opere compete di Lenin, è stato rimosso dagli “storici” staliniani nelle edizioni successive. Kiel komandanto de Ruĝa Armeo, kune kun Lev Kamenev ordonis la 12-an de januaro 1919 realigi planon de Lenin kun kodnomo "Vistulo".Ruĝa Armeo estis konkeronta terenojn de Nemunas ĝis Okcidenta Bugo, kaj poste traironta Pollandon al Germanio, kie komenciĝos komunista revolucio. …, Rivoluzione n° 70 – 3 luglio 2020 Nazionalizzare per difendere …, Rivoluzione n°69 – 3 giugno 2020 Un’ondata di rabbia insurrezionale …, Rivoluzione n°68 – 24 aprile 2020 Il capitalismo è il …, Rivoluzione n°67 – 17 marzo 2020 “Non siamo carne da …, RIVOLUZIONE N°66 – 20 febbraio 2020 5 milioni di lavoratori …, Rivoluzione n°65 – 23 gennaio 2020 Medio oriente tra guerra …, Rivoluzione n°64 (13 dicembre 2019) La Francia in rivolta indica …, Crisi industriali – Nazionalizzare per difendere il lavoro! Soviet policy toward the Chinese Revolution became the ideological line of demarcation between Stalin and the United Opposition. Zdroj: Wikimedia Commons, Grigorij Goldstein, volné dílo. Apja, David Leontyjevics Bronstein jómódú, zsidó származású, de vallását nem gyakorló gazdálkodó volt, bérlő. Much of the Bolshevik elite wanted 'normality,' while Trotsky was personally and politically personified as representing a turbulent revolutionary period that they would much rather leave behind. Ecco perché, nel tardo pomeriggio di un giorno di agosto, Trockij ��� terminato di dare da mangiare ai conigli e alle galline ��� invita Jacson-Mercader nel suo studio. [h] Stalin had prepared for the congress by replacing many local party delegates with those loyal to him, mostly at the expense of Zinoviev and Kamenev's backers.[101]. Fčil jde ale o něco úplně jiného. Beginning in 1989, Trotsky's books, forbidden until 1987, were published in the Soviet Union. New York: HarperCollins. If I had to begin all over again I would of course try to avoid this or that mistake, but the main course of my life would remain unchanged. Those who opposed the Central Committee's position in the debate were thereafter referred to as members of the Left Opposition. Attacks against the United Opposition quickly increased in volatility and ferocity afterwards. Lev Trockij s Alexandrem Parvusem a Leo Deutschem během věznění v Petropavlovské pevnosti v Petrohradě v roce 1906. Lev Davidovich Bronstein (7 November [ O.S. [154], After a failed attempt to have Trotsky murdered in March 1939, Stalin assigned the overall organization of implementing the task to the NKVD officer Pavel Sudoplatov, who, in turn, co-opted Nahum Eitingon. Che Trockij prese la parola quel giorno ne abbiamo la certezza grazie a una foto, scattata probabilmente da Leonidov, che lo ritraeva Al culmine dei disordini egli capeggiava il Soviet di Pietrogrado e gestiva la rivolta e gli scioperi. Léon Trotski, de son vrai nom Lev Davidovitch Bronstein, né le 26 octobre 1879 à Ianovka et mort assassiné le 21 août 1940 à Mexico, est un révolutionnaire communiste et homme politique russo-soviétique. 13-2200-99 in Archives Research Center "Memorial"). Al centro Lenin e Trockij con i soldati del soviet di Pietrografo (1921) L'idea della "rivoluzione permanente" - di certo il contributo teorico più duraturo e noto della riflessione di Trockij - sembra avere il fiato corto nel momento in cui inizia il braccio di ferro con Stalin. [145] Cannon, a long-time leading member of the American communist movement, had supported Trotsky in the struggle against Stalinism since he had first read Trotsky's criticisms of the Soviet Union in 1928. Stalin began making poorly veiled accusations about Zinoviev and Kamenev. At the same time, Trotsky became chairman of the newly formed Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic and retained overall control of the military. A mountaineering ice axe has a narrow end, called the pick, and a flat wide end called the adze. Patenaude, Bertrand M. (2009) Trotsky: Downfall of a Revolutionary New York: HarperCollins. È troppo semplice credere che ormai sia stato fatto « un bilancio dei risultati delle azioni violente» e che, dato che veniamo邸 The "comrade-deserters" were looking at me with such curiosity that it seemed as if their eyes would pop out of their heads. Zdroj: Wikimedia Commons, Grigorij Goldstein, volné dílo. Lenin azt követelte, hogy a radikális népbiztosok, közöttük Trockij is, egyelőre mondjanak … [125] During his exile in Turkey, Trotsky was under the surveillance of the Turkish police forces of Mustafa Kemal Pasha. Lenin a Trockij s prachama Západu rozvrátili Rus. But he later wrote:[75]. The fascist burglars targeted Trotsky's works and archives for vandalism. Trotskij credeva, sulle basi dell’esperienza del 1905, che una nuova ondata rivoluzionaria in Russia avrebbe spinto a sinistra i migliori elementi del menscevismo (tra cui Martov) e portato a una unificazione delle forze del marxismo russo. Lenin later wrote that he and other Bolshevik leaders believed the Red Army's successes in the Russian Civil War and against the Poles meant "The defensive period of the war with worldwide imperialism was over, and we could, and had the obligation to, exploit the military situation to launch an offensive war."[86]. - Pseudonimo del rivoluzionario e statista russo V. I. Ul���janov (Simbirsk 1870 - Gorki, Mosca, 1924). Retrouvez Rivoluzione e polemica sul partito. This was a debate that Lenin thought the party could not afford. His frustration with Trotsky was used by Stalin and Zinoviev with their support for Lenin's position, to improve their standing within the Bolshevik leadership at Trotsky's expense. È morta. A questo punto, meglio titolare la voce soltanto Trockij. 12. [134] There was no evidence of any alliance with Nazi Germany or Japan, as the Soviet Union government claimed. Il 14 novembre tre membri del Comitato centrale (Kamenev, Zinov’ev, Nogin) rassegnano le dimissioni in dissenso con la politica del partito e pubblicano una sorta di ultimatum chiedendo la formazione di un governo di coalizione con i menscevichi e i socialrivoluzionari. Konfliktusa Sztálinnal - akit nemes egyszerűséggel csak `pártunk legkiemelkedőbb középszerűségének` titulált - még Lenin életében kirobbant. Numerous Fourth Internationalist groups around the world continue to describe themselves as Trotskyists and see themselves as standing in this tradition. After the bruising Literary Discussion and losing his Red Army posts, he was effectively unemployed throughout the winter and spring. At the XV Party Conference in October 1926, Trotsky could barely speak because of interruptions and catcalls, and at the end of the Conference he lost his Politburo seat. With Soviet help, the Republic of China built up the nationalist people's army. Trotsky argued[83] that Petrograd needed to be defended, at least in part to prevent Estonia and Finland from intervening. Lenin beszéde rendkívül nyugtalanságot keltett és lármás jelenetek támadtak. While passing through Ryazan, I decided to take a look at them. In ogni istante, subito dopo il suo primo discorso al Soviet, lo consideravamo tutti come uno dei nostri dirigenti del partito.” (citato in A. Lidovky citují dánská média, podle nichž „z Moskvy přibyvší cestující oznamují, že Trockij dal Lenina zatknouti a provolal se sám za diktátora. et des millions de livres en stock sur Amazon.fr. В. The struggle which is in the offing transcends by far the importance of individuals, factions and parties. Witnesses stated that Trotsky spat on Mercader and began struggling fiercely with him, which resulted in Mercader's hand being broken. Although most closely associated with Leon Trotsky, the call for a “Permanent Revolution” is first found in the writings of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in March 1850, in the aftermath of the 1848 Revolution, in their Address of the Central Committee to the Communist League: It is our interest and our task to make the revolution permanent until all the more or less propertied classes have been driven from their ruling positions, until the proletariat has conquered state power and until the association of the proletarians has progressed sufficiently far – not only in one country but in all the leading countries of the world – that competition between the proletarians of these countries ceases and at least the decisive forces of production are concentrated in the hands of the workers. Lenin Clearly, the Party is always right... We can only be right with and by the Party, for history has provided no other way of being in the right. Trotsky's plan was rejected, and he was much criticized for various alleged shortcomings in his leadership style, much of it of a personal nature. The war commissariat of Ryazan succeeded in gathering in some fifteen thousand of such deserters. Vladimir Lenin e Lev Trockij Nonostante la condanna, nel 1905 Trockij tornò in patria. Vladimír Iljič Lenin, Lev Trockij a Lev Kameněv při motivačním projevu k vojákům během sovětsko-polské války 1. května 1920. 5. Mindezek ellenére Trockij nem rokonszenvezett Lenin centralizáló szervezeti elveivel, elutasította a „hivatásos forradalmárokból” álló élcsapatpárt gondolatát. Come più volte accaduto nella storia del marxismo, è nel fuoco degli avvenimenti che le teorie verificano la loro validità e la prova decisiva è rappresentata dalla rivoluzione, un passaggio storico in cui il movimento rivoluzionario viene sottoposto a formidabili pressioni contrapposte, da una parte della propria classe, dall’altra dalle classi avverse. On Büyükada, they were moved into a house called the Yanaros mansion. On 6 June, Red Army commander-in-chief, Jukums Vācietis, ordered the Eastern Front to stop the offensive so that he could use its forces in the south. [123] However, Rakovsky was cited in allegations involving the killing of Sergey Kirov, and was arrested and imprisoned in late 1937, during the Great Purge. Il punto critico nel quale le speranze suscitate dalla prima rivoluzione si rivelano illusorie giunge a fine giugno 1917. With the development of the nationalist army, a Northern Expedition was planned to smash the power of the warlords of the northern part of the country. Nell’opinione di Lenin, tale vaghezza non era casuale. It was not until early 1921, due to economic collapse and social uprisings, that Lenin and the rest of the Bolshevik leadership abandoned War Communism in favor of the New Economic Policy. 26 October] 1879 ��� 21 August 1940), better known as Leon Trotsky (/ �� t r �� t s k i /), was a Russian Marxist revolutionary, political theorist and politician. [155], On 24 May 1940, Trotsky survived a raid on his villa by armed assassins led by the NKVD agent Iosif Grigulevich and Mexican painter David Alfaro Siqueiros. He argued that the Soviet state had become a "degenerated workers' state" controlled by an undemocratic bureaucracy, which would eventually either be overthrown via a political revolution establishing a workers' democracy, or degenerate into a capitalist class. In dealing with deserters, Trotsky often appealed to them politically, arousing them with the ideas of the Revolution. [citation needed], During this time Trotsky gave the eulogy at the funeral of his friend, the Soviet diplomat Adolph Joffe, in November 1927. Although the text of these letters remained secret at the time, they had a significant effect on the Party leadership and prompted a partial retreat by the troika and its supporters on the issue of intra-Party democracy, notably in Zinoviev's Pravda article published on 7 November. The men were called out of their barracks. After obtaining permission from then Justice Minister Trygve Lie to enter the country, Trotsky and his wife became a guest of Konrad Knudsen at Norderhov, near Hønefoss, and spent over a year living at Knudsen's house, from 18 June 1935 to 2 September 1936, although Trotsky was hospitalized for a few weeks at the nearby Oslo Community Hospital from 19 September 1935. [112], In one of the few political developments that affected Trotsky in 1925, the circumstances of the controversy over Lenin's Testament were described by American Marxist Max Eastman in his book Since Lenin Died (1925). Ilva, Alitalia, …, Rivoluzione n°62 – 30 ottobre 2019 Un mondo in rivolta! In May–June 1918, the Czechoslovak Legions en route from European Russia to Vladivostok rose against the Soviet government. Commission of Inquiry into the Charges Made Against Leon Trotsky in the Moscow Trials, The "Brest-Litovsk" chapter in Trotsky's 1925 book, CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, Chapter 11 of Trotsky's unfinished book, entitled, Chapter 12 of Trotsky's unfinished book, entitled, Leon Trotsky, "The First Letter to the Central Committee" contained in the, Leon Trotsky, "The New Course" contained in, Leon Trotsky, "Speech to the Thirteenth Party Congress on May 26, 1924" contained in, Leon Trotsky "Lessons of October" contained in, Nikolai Valentinov-Volsky's account of his work with Trotsky in 1925 in. Két testvére is volt. Trotsky's control over the military was undermined by reassigning his deputy, Ephraim Sklyansky, and appointing Mikhail Frunze, who was being groomed to take Trotsky's place. Lenin and Yakov Sverdlov tried to make Trotsky and Stalin reconcile, but their meeting proved unsuccessful. Questa è l’essenza della teoria della rivoluzione permanente. Nonetheless, Trotsky kept all of his posts, and the troika was careful to emphasise that the debate was limited to Trotsky's "mistakes" and that removing Trotsky from the leadership was out of the question. On 8 December, Trotsky published an open letter, in which he expounded on the recently adopted resolution's ideas. Lev Davidovi�� Trockij, rus. Dopo decenni della più terribile repressione, le idee del bolscevismo-leninismo rimangono vive e vibranti, le autentiche idee dell���Ottobre che non possono essere distrutte né con le calunnie né con le pallottole. In time of reaction it is more convenient to lean on the bureaucracy than on the truth. Throughout November, the troika tried to come up with a compromise to placate, or at least temporarily neutralise, Trotsky and his supporters. Daniel Gaido, "Marxist Analyses of Stalinism". Il dissenso fondamentale con Lenin si incentra sulle possibilità di riconciliazione fra queste due correnti. Nevertheless, Trotsky eventually established a working relationship with the often prickly Vatsetis. By 22 October, the Red Army was on the offensive and in early November, Yudenich's troops were driven back to Estonia, where they were disarmed and interned. The Central Committee was split almost evenly between Lenin's and Trotsky's supporters, with all three Secretaries of the Central Committee (Krestinsky, Yevgeny Preobrazhensky and Leonid Serebryakov) supporting Trotsky. On hearing about it, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union immediately accused Trotsky of being in the pay of the oil magnates and the Federal Bureau of Investigation.[152]. Back in Moscow, Trotsky again argued for a peace treaty, and this time prevailed. However, Chiang quickly reversed the tables in the Shanghai massacre of 12 April 1927 by massacring the Communist Party in Shanghai midway through the Northern Expedition.[118][119]. [126] At this time, he made requests to enter Belgium, France, Norway, Germany and the United Kingdom,[127] but they all refused it. [158] Following the failed assassination attempt, Trotsky wrote an article titled "Stalin Seeks My Death" on 8 June 1940, in which he stated that another assassination attempt was certain. [89][90] Some Trotskyists, most notably Abbie Bakan, have argued that the claim that the Kronstadt rebels were "counterrevolutionary" has been supported by evidence of White Army and French government support for the Kronstadt sailors' March rebellion. Among the resolutions adopted by the XIIth Congress were those calling for greater democracy within the Party, but these were vague and remained unimplemented. Trotsky was also at risk from the many former White Army officers who lived on Prinkipo, officers who had opposed the October Revolution and who had been defeated by Trotsky and the Red Army in the Russian Civil War. Zdroj: Wikimedia Commons, Grigorij Goldstein, volné dílo . Beneath this stratum, abstaining from their own opinions, there lies the broad mass of the party, before whom every decision stands in the form of a summons or a command.[103]. There was little overt political disagreement within the Soviet leadership throughout most of 1924. (A. Lenin e Trotzkij si guardano, Lev Davidovic va alla tribuna: "Noi stiamo vincendo e voi ci proponete di rinunciare alla vittoria per venire a patti. The murder weapon was an ice axe (and not an. This is the militarisation of the working class."[87]. The alliance proved effective on the issue of foreign trade[g] but was hindered by Lenin's progressing illness. Some of our men tried to dissuade me. [82], By October 1919, the government was in the worst crisis of the Civil War: Denikin's troops approached Tula and Moscow from the south, and General Nikolay Yudenich's troops approached Petrograd from the west. It will conquer! Trotsky wrote: In the fiercest moment of War Communism, the system of appointment within the party did not have one tenth of the extent that it has now. [135] In July 1933, Trotsky was offered asylum in France by Prime Minister Édouard Daladier. E poi, criticando Kamenev, che dichiarava come la rivoluzione democratico borghese non fosse completata, risponde: “No, questa formula è antiquata. Throughout late 1918 and early 1919, there were a number of attacks on Trotsky's leadership of the Red Army, including veiled accusations in newspaper articles inspired by Stalin and a direct attack by the Military Opposition at the VIIIth Party Congress in March 1919. It lost some less dedicated members to the harassment by the troika, but it also began formulating a program. Vatsetis took charge of the day-to-day operations of the army. Ricordiamo che lo scontro del II congresso giunse come uno shock per tantissimi militanti all’interno della Russia e che l’effettiva costituzione di due partiti separati non avvenne che nel 1912. Il treno di Trockij è stato il treno corazzato personale di Lev Trockij, il Commissario del popolo per gli affari militari e navali, il quale ne aveva disposto la costruzione nell'agosto del 1918. [96] In mid-July 1922, Kamenev wrote a letter to the recovering Lenin to the effect that "(the Central Committee) is throwing or is ready to throw a good cannon overboard". Yet in October 1924, Trotsky published Lessons of October,[109] an extensive summary of the events of the 1917 revolution. In seguito ricadrà sulle spalle di Trotskij e di chi lo seguirà nell’Opposizione di sinistra e poi nella Quarta internazionale l’onere e l’onore di mantenere vivo e di sviluppare il pensiero bolscevico leninista contro la degenerazione stalinista. In October 1927, Trotsky and Zinoviev were expelled from the Central Committee. L’abbattimento del capitalismo avrebbe rappresentato un esempio colossale da seguire per i lavoratori di tutto il mondo. Tisk článku. Who looks after this? Ordono de Trockij. Ideologically a communist, he developed a variant of Marxism known as Trotskyism . Trotskij ribatteva che in tutto il corso della storia i contadini non avevano mai giocato un ruolo indipendente. They succeeded in damaging his military reputation so much that he was forced to resign as People's Commissar of Army and Fleet Affairs and Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council on 6 January 1925. Dunque non ci sono motivi che giustifichino l’esistenza separata delle due organizzazioni.” (E. H. Carr, La rivoluzione bolscevica, citato in A. The Chinese Revolution began on 10 October 1911,[114] resulting in the abdication of the Chinese Emperor, Puyi, on 12 February 1912. Quella rivoluzione che aveva abbattuto lo zarismo aveva dimostrato che non c’era alcuna ragione oggettiva per la quale la classe operaia non potesse prendere il potere. Jukums Vācietis), who had formerly led the Eastern Front against the Czechoslovak Legions. So long as those malicious tailless apes that are so proud of their technical achievements—the animals that we call men—will build armies and wage wars, the command will always be obliged to place the soldiers between the possible death in the front and the inevitable one in the rear. Cikkünk élete Tudomány 2016.11.19, 08:29. Still committed to War Communism, Lenin rejected his proposal. - Uomo politico e scrittore bolscevico, nato il 7 novembre 1879 a Janovka presso Elizavetgrad (governatorato di Cherson). Neither threats nor persecutions nor violations can stop us! Negli anni precedenti, difficili, della Prima guerra mondiale, Lenin e Trotskij avevano portato avanti una posizione internazionalista che aveva ampi tratti comuni, espressa nelle conferenze di Zimmerwald (1915) e Kienthal (1916), all’insegna dell’intransigenza rivoluzionaria. Although the exact sequence of events is unclear, evidence suggests that at first the troika nominated Trotsky to head second-rate government departments (e.g., Gokhran, the State Depository for Valuables). [...] free discussion within the party has virtually disappeared, party public opinion has been stifled. Ed oggi tocca a noi, nel centenario del 1917, ristabilire la verità storica sul percorso di lotta e di dibattito teorico dei due più grandi rivoluzionari del ventesimo secolo: Vladimir Lenin e Lev Trotskij. [117] Stalin countered Trotskyist criticism by making a secret speech in which he said that Chiang's right-wing Kuomintang were the only ones capable of defeating the imperialists, that Chiang Kai-shek had funding from the rich merchants, and that his forces were to be utilized until squeezed for all usefulness like a lemon before being discarded. [citation needed] The findings were published in the book "Not Guilty". Zinoviev demanded Trotsky's expulsion from the Communist Party, but Stalin refused to go along and played the role of a moderate. Tutta la confusione dei “vecchi bolscevichi” fu riassunta nella parola d’ordine di appoggio critico al governo provvisorio, sostenuta nelle pagine della Pravda. Il 9 marzo 1918 di Lejba Bron邸tein) Rivoluzionario e politico russo (Janovka, Cherson, 1879-Coyoacán, Città di Messico, 1940). He defended these positions throughout his life. We will blaze the trail for it. [citation needed], At the 3–4 July Central Committee meeting, after a heated exchange, the majority supported Kamenev and Smilga against Vācietis and Trotsky. Trotsky wrote in My Life[62] that he "was taking a rest from politics" and "naturally plunged into the new line of work up to my ears". Politburo meetings were pure formalities since all key decisions were made ahead of time by the troika and its supporters. Il nostro slogan è quello di operare una pressione sul Governo provvisorio con l’obiettivo di costringerlo ad indurre tutti i paesi in guerra ad aprire negoziati immediati (…) Fino ad allora tutti gli uomini devono rimanere ai loro posti di combattimento.” (M. Liebman, Leninism under Lenin, Londra 1975, pag. "Comrade-deserters – come to the meeting. The congress also adopted a secret resolution on "Party unity", which banned factions within the Party except during pre-Congress discussions. from the front. Uno dei motivi che porta Trotskij ad aspettare il congresso di luglio e non entrare subito nel partito di Lenin fu proprio quello di portare tutta l’organizzazione degli interdistrettuali ad aderire ai bolscevichi. This Northern Expedition became a point of contention over foreign policy by Stalin and Trotsky. In April 1929, Trotsky, his wife and son were moved to the island of Büyükada (aka Prinkipo) by the Turkish authorities. A differenza di Lenin non comprendeva che l’unità poteva essere raggiunta solo dopo una rottura con tutte le correnti opportuniste e sulla base della costruzione di un “partito marxista disciplinato e centralizzato”, l’unica struttura che potesse formare un’avanguardia immune dal pessimismo tipico degli opportunisti. We will not concede this banner to the masters of falsehood! On 5 December, the Politburo and the Central Control Commission unanimously adopted the group's final draft as its resolution. [163], According to James P. Cannon, the secretary of the Socialist Workers Party (USA), Trotsky's last words were "I will not survive this attack. [citation needed]. [105] The illusion of a "monolithic Bolshevik leadership" was thus shattered and a lively intra-Party discussion ensued, both in local Party organizations and in the pages of Pravda. [147], The Moscow trials are perpetuated under the banner of socialism. Behind the scenes, he was completely cut off from the decision-making process. Their criticism of Trotsky was concentrated in three areas: Trotsky was again sick and unable to respond while his opponents mobilised all of their resources to denounce him. Tuttavia, Trotskij si sbagliava. The dissatisfied and those whose feelings had been hurt found their way to Stalin or Zinoviev, for these two also nourished hurts. Utilizziamo i cookie per offrirti la migliore esperienza sul nostro sito web. Venne arrestato dalle forze speciali dello zar e fu [citation needed]. At a meeting of his faction at the Tenth Party Congress in March 1921, Lenin's faction won a decisive victory, and a number of Trotsky's supporters (including all three secretaries of the Central Committee) lost their leadership positions. Krestinsky was replaced as a member of the Politburo by Zinoviev, who had supported Lenin. Stalin used this opportunity to pressure Lenin[81] to dismiss Trotsky from his post. Lenin és Trockij kapcsolata nem volt mindig felhőtlen. Other senior communists who had similar concerns sent The Declaration of 46 to the Central Committee on 15 October in which they wrote: [...] we observe an ever progressing, barely disguised division of the party into a secretarial hierarchy and into "laymen", into professional party functionaries, chosen from above, and the other party masses, who take no part in social life. [...] There has been created a very broad stratum of party workers, entering into the apparatus of the government of the party, who completely renounce their own party opinion, at least the open expression of it, as though assuming that the secretarial hierarchy is the apparatus which creates party opinion and party decisions. In the end, only three delegates voted for Trotsky's position, and the Conference denounced "Trotskyism"[j] as a "petty bourgeois deviation". It was about to cross the Ural Mountains and enter Siberia in pursuit of Admiral Alexander Kolchak's forces. La rivoluzione d’Ottobre, il più grande evento della storia dell’umanità chiude un cerchio e salda di nuovo, e in maniera definitiva, il percorso politico di Lenin e Trotskij. On 26 August 1936, eight policemen arrived at Knudsen's house demanding that Trotsky sign new conditions for residing in Norway. Trockij egyedül volt ezzel a nézetével, ami csak akkor vált hivatalossá, mikor 1917-ben a Bolsevik Párt tőle függetlenül fogadta el a permanens forradalom gyakorlatát Lenin híres Áprilisi Tézisében. TROTZKIJ (Trockij secondo la trascrizione più esatta), Lev Davydovi�� (effettivamente Leiba Bronstein). In response to Fanya Kaplan's failed assassination of Lenin on 30 August 1918, and to the successful assassination of the Petrograd Cheka chief Moisei Uritsky on 17 August 1918, the Bolsheviks instructed Felix Dzerzhinsky to commence a Red Terror, announced in the 1 September 1918 issue of the Krasnaya Gazeta (Red Gazette). [71], With the help of his deputy Ephraim Sklyansky, Trotsky spent the rest of the Civil War transforming the Red Army from a ragtag network of small and fiercely independent detachments into a large and disciplined military machine, through forced conscription, party-controlled blocking squads, compulsory obedience and officers chosen by the leadership instead of the rank and file. [153] On 27 February 1940, Trotsky wrote a document known as "Trotsky's Testament", in which he expressed his final thoughts and feelings for posterity. Neve egészen az 1980-as évekig tabunak számított a szocialista országokban.

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